EN

10.-MULTI-SENSOR LOGGING AND CONDUCTIVITY SCANNING LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS: ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Two laboratory petrophysical measurements techniques including the multi-sensor core
logging (MSCL) and thermal conductivity scanning (TCS) methods were integrated in order
to determine petrophysical properties and their spatial variations in a laboratory experiment.
The objective was to investigate how the two techniques vary in the determination of the
petrophysical properties and study their spatial variation. Two core samples (BS; sandstone
and B6; metamorphic conglomerate), each cut in half, one fully saturated and one fully dried
were used. Sensor-based devices of the MSCL equipment were used to determine the density,
P-wave velocity, magnetic susceptibility and porosity, while the TCS technique estimated
thermal conductivity and porosity. Results based on the MSCL for the BS shows change in the
bulk density due to porosity and homogeneous factor, while B6 keeps constant bulk density.
P-wave velocity in the BS dry sample shows higher velocity than the saturated sample, while
in the B6 sample velocity curves depict irregular trend. Magnetic susceptibility for the BS
sample shows zero magnetism, while for the B6 sample, curves indicate it is magnetic. The
porosity values in the BS sandstone shows realistic and expected values from about 7 % to 11
%, confirming very homogeneous sandstone, while B6 sample has close to zero porosity,
expected in hard rock specimen. Thermal conductivity for the BS sample shows very straight
curves, confirming homogeneous sandstone. For the B6 sample, there is deviation, showing
the effects of the rock inhomogeneity. Thus, MSCL and TCS laboratory techniques are
reliable in the estimation of petrophysical properties and evaluation of their spatial
variations.

11.-NUCLEAR ENERGY: THE BEST ENERGY MIX FOR SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF NIGERIA

The need for industrialization in developing countries has been a way of improving the quality of
life of the populace by providing the basic amenities to support their life. One of the factors that
favor industrialization is the steady and adequate supply of electricity, which could be generated
from oil, gas water, wind, and nuclear. In Nigeria, electricity is being generated from hydro and
thermal stations which could not meet the demand needed by Nigerians. To meet this demand of
electricity needed by Nigerians, more power generating plants are needed. This paper assessed
the energy demand, available energy sources, potential energy sources in Nigeria and the needs
to add nuclear energy to her energy mix. Among the various energy sources for electricity
generation, nuclear energy has proven to be the best alternative energy source. The use of nuclear
energy in place of other energy source produces large amount of electricity in a small space, helps
to keep air clean, preserves the earth’s climate, avoids ground- level ozone formation and prevents
acid rain which creates anxieties among the public. Other peaceful uses of nuclear energy that
will accelerate industrial development and promote economic growth in Nigeria were also
addressed.

12.-Mercury Problems and Presidential Artisanal Gold Mining Development Initiative (PAGMI): Challenges, Opportunities and Future Directions of the Mining industry in Nigeria

Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) describes informal mining activities using low
technology or minimal machinery. The use of low-tech and minimal machinery characterises
the ASM industry in Nigeria. ASM sector in Nigeria, however, remains a potential source of
employment, a source of revenue for the Government, and contributes to the growth of the
nation’s economy. The Government has made several efforts to revamp the industry thus far;
however, the sector still has some weaknesses and challenges. This paper discusses the various
reforms in the mining industry that have been made in the sector. It discusses the health,
environmental, and gender impacts of the activities of ASM, the safer mining technologies,
standardisations related to mining technology, characteristics, and challenges of current
mining systems. It also addresses mercury exposure prevention using a formalisation
approach, among other things. The formalisation policy takes care of two significant
constraints: environmental consciousness through monitoring the Presidential Artisanal Gold
Mining Development Initiative (PAGMI) activities and the necessity to improve the sector to
attract more investors. The industry has opportunities to generate countless job opportunities
for Nigerian youth, thus contributing to poverty alleviation.

1. Cover Page

Please click on download full report to see Cover Page

2. Masthead

Please click on download full report to see Masthead

5. Comparative Study of Saponin Extraction from Tropical Plants and Their Prospective Application in Crude Oil Dispersion and Bioremediation – 1

Crude oil contamination poses significant environmental challenges, requiring eco-friendly
remediation strategies. This study comparatively evaluated the extraction, purification, and
functional performance of saponin-rich extracts from five tropical plants: Ziziphus mauritiana
(ZM), Balanites aegyptiaca (BA), Glycine max (GM), Erythrina senegalensis (ES), and Euphorbia
hirta (EH). Ultrasound-assisted extraction with 70% ethanol was employed, followed by
fermentation-based purification. Extracts were assessed for yield, total saponin content, purity,
surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), droplet size distribution, and emulsion
stability. Results revealed substantial differences among species. BA showed the highest
extraction yield (99.38%), whereas ES and EH contained the greatest total saponin content
(653.95 and 525.80 mg/g, respectively). Purification efficiency was highest for ES (60.20%)
and ZM (56.30%). Surface activity analysis demonstrated that BA and ZM achieved the lowest
surface tension (30.53 and 31.31 mN/m) and CMC values (56.42 and 60.21 mg/L), indicating
strong micellization. Dynamic Light Scattering showed ZM produced the smallest droplets
(24.63 nm) and lowest PDI (0.208), yielding stable nanoemulsions with superior emulsification
stability (81.39%). Comparative ranking indicated ZM > GM > ES > BA > EH, with ZM and
GM emerging as the most promising biosurfactant sources. Overall, this work highlights the
potential of tropical plant-derived saponins, particularly from ZM and GM, as sustainable
alternatives to synthetic surfactants for crude oil dispersion and bioremediation.

6. Legal Analysis For Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and Actualization Through African Imports: A Nigerian Case Study

This article gives an exhaustive legal analysis of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM) and examines how Nigeria can coincide its domestic legal framework with global carbon-linked trade rules. CBAM, which begins full operation in 2026, demands EU carbon pricing on imports such as steel, aluminum, fertilizer, hydrogen, cement, and electricity, advancing the Paris Agreement’s objectives under Articles 2(1)(a), 4, and 6. The article argues that CBAM is lawful under WTO law, provided transparency, non-discrimination, and credible MRV systems are maintained. Using Nigeria as a case study, the article identifies weaknesses in Nigeria’s climate governance notwithstanding its Constitutional and environmental mandate under Sections 1(3) and 20, and judicial pronouncements regarding environmental rights in Gbemre v. Shell. It evaluates how Sections 52 and 104(4) of the Petroleum Industry Act, Section 20 of the Climate Change Act on carbon limits mandate, and the Energy Transition Plan 2022 are instrumental, but inadequate for CBAM requirements. Nigeria’s lack of enforcement, poor MRV policies and lack of carbon-pricing policies expose exporters to increased CBAM accountabilities and restricted competition. Some of the recommendations include comprehensive legal and institutional reforms for carbon accounting where Nigeria benefits from Articles 6 and 9 of the Paris Agreements and enhance Nigeria’s role in decarbonisation.

7. Host Communities Development under PIA 2021: On Matters of Law or Policies on Petroleum Industry Operations

This paper examines the dynamics of host communities development under the Petroleum
Industry Act (PIA) 2021, focusing on the legal, regulatory, and operational structures shaping
community development in Nigeria’s petroleum sector. It highlights the gap between the PIA’s
statutory framework and the realities in host communities, where issues like ambiguous
boundaries, opaque costs, elite capture, and inconsistent compliance hinder progress. The study
evaluates how structural constraints, such as contracting cycles, high costs, security challenges,
and ineffective local content, undermine the Act’s capacity for sustainable development. Using
doctrinal legal analysis and industry data, the paper assesses the effectiveness of the Host
Communities Development Trust (HCDT) in translating the mandated 3% operational
expenditure into tangible outcomes. It finds that while the PIA offers a transformative
framework, systemic inefficiencies and governance weaknesses threaten its long-term impact.
The paper recommends institutional reforms, including enhanced transparency, capacity
strengthening, and streamlined regulatory procedures, to achieve the Act’s developmental
objectives. It also suggests a bill to hold trust leadership accountable for unexecuted projects.
This paper contributes to the discourse on resource governance, legal reform, and community
rights in extractive industries, offering insights for policymakers, regulators, industry actors, and
scholars.

PTDJ Assistant

Hello! How can I help you navigate the PTDJ website today?