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7. Mathematical Modeling of Energy Subsidies in a Recessionary Economy: Impacts on Market Dynamics and Environmental Sustainability

This paper develops a mathematical model to explore the impact of energy subsidies on market
dynamics and environmental sustainability in a recessionary economy. The model examines how
subsidies influence energy demand, government costs, and carbon emissions, with a focus on the
trade-offs between short-term economic recovery and long-term environmental impact. The
findings suggest that while subsidies can stimulate demand and support economic recovery, they
can also lead to increased emissions, particularly when applied to non-renewable energy sources.
The optimal subsidy level is determined by balancing consumer welfare gains against
environmental costs. The model provides policymakers with a framework to design energy
subsidies that promote both economic growth and sustainability, particularly in times of economic
downturn. Future research should explore non-linear market relationships and validate the model
using empirical data.

8. A Review on Strategies and Technologies of Corrosion Prevention in Seawater Pipelines

Seawater pipelines are essential for numerous industries, including oil and gas, desalination, and
marine transportation, but they face significant challenges due to the harsh marine environment.
This environment is characterized by high salinity, biological activity, and various mechanical
stresses, all of which contribute to severe corrosion. Effective corrosion prevention is crucial to
ensure the safety, reliability, and longevity of these pipelines. This review paper provides a
detailed examination of the current strategies and technologies employed to combat corrosion in
seawater pipelines. Key topics covered include the selection of corrosion-resistant materials, the
application of protective coatings, and the implementation of cathodic protection systems.
Additionally, the use of corrosion inhibitors and advanced monitoring techniques are explored.
The paper also highlights recent advancements and research findings, offering a contemporary
perspective on the most effective methods for preventing corrosion. Through this comprehensive
review, the paper aims to present an integrated approach to corrosion prevention, combining
traditional practices with cutting-edge innovations to enhance the durability and performance of
seawater pipelines in various industrial applications.

9. Comparative Analysis of Hydrocarbon Generation in the Nigerian Frontier Basins: Insights from Late Cretaceous Hydrocarbon Source Rocks and Confined Pyrolysis Experiments

Increasing interest in oil and gas exploration in the Nigerian inland frontier basin has
necessitated re-evaluating the once-neglected Late Cretaceous Hydrocarbon Source Rocks from
the basins. In this study, hydrocarbon generation characteristics of representative Cretaceous
outcrop source rocks and geochemical properties of their generated products are investigated
using a confined gold tube pyrolysis experiment. Conventional geochemical analyses (TOC and
Rock-eval) reveal that the source rocks are rich in organic matter and in the immature
hydrocarbon generation stage. The gold tube experiment at six (6) different temperature stages
(300°C to 500°C) indicates that the source rocks produced oil and gas in different proportions,
and the pyrolysis products contained a certain amount of C6+
liquid hydrocarbons. Observed peak oil yields of the Bida, Dahomey, and Anambra shales were 5.80, 24.09, and 6.63 mg/gTOC, respectively. The gas yields of the source rocks drastically increased with rising heating
temperatures (maturity). After exceeding 450°C (about EasyRo of 2.0%), methane and ethane gases were the dominant components in the pyrolyzates, which means that oil in the products gradually cracked into gas during the high-temperature stages. Maximum gas-to-oil ratio (GOR) of the shales ranges from 2.52 to 5.50. The δ
13C of C1, C2 and C3 from the pyrolyzates are similar to those generated from the Niger Delta and this could be a result of marine connections among the basins. This study is valuable for further exploration in the Nigerian Frontier Basins, reducing over-dependence on the Niger Delta Basin for hydrocarbon exploration.

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5. Optimized Biodiesel Production from Palm Kernel Oil Using a Bifunctional Catalyst from Cocoa Pod and Pig Bone

This study focused on enhancing the efficiency of biodiesel production from palm kernel oil (PKO)
using a catalyst derived from a mixture of pig bone and cocoa pod doped with iron chloride and
nickel nitrate. The catalyst was characterized using Brunauer-Emmett and Teller (BET), fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive Xray
(SEM-EDX), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The impact of four variable input parameters (reaction temperature, time, catalyst, and oil to methanol ratio) on the biodiesel yield was analyzed using the Box Behken design (BBD) of Design Expert. From the obtained characterization result, the composition percentages of 41.426% calcium oxide, 15.265% phosphorus oxide, and 13.689% iron oxide were revealed. An optimal biodiesel yield of 92.4% was achieved at a temperature of 64.39℃, reaction time of 60.02 minutes with a
methanol/oil ratio of 18:1 and catalyst loading of 5 wt%. The RSM model exhibited high effectiveness with R2 value of 0.9754. Also, the biodiesel produced met established standards after analysis.

6. Is Nigeria’s Petroleum Industry Act 2021 Designed to Fail? A Cautionary Tale

After many decades of an opaque oil and gas industry that has been non-responsive to the
Nigeria’s energy needs and its global commitments, the enactment of the Petroleum Industry Act
2021 is considered a major step forward towards reforming the industry. The expectation is that
the new law will reposition the sector to attract private investments that have significantly
diminished, boost efficiency and achieve energy transition towards renewables and away from
fossil fuels. The paper, however, argues that the Act have band-aided most of the pre-existing
challenges and even created new ones. The Act contains provisions that are inconsistent with the
Constitution, featuring a flippant donation of wide berths of discretionary powers to partisan
political actors, inhospitable investment climate manured by corruption, non-delineation of roles,
overlap of functions and powers and the castration of regulatory institutions by a lack of
independence in form and substance and finally, a weak energy transition path that is ill positioned to meeting Nigeria’s Nationally Determined Contributions. The Act is booby-trapped
by challenges plainly in sight that if left unattended, would a case of a legislation designed to fail,
ab nitio! The Act is missed but not lost opportunity to transpose Nigeria’s oil and gas industry
towards sustainable and enduring reforms. The paper signposts some compelling challenges that
need to be legislatively attended to in order to allow Nigeria’s oil and gas sector to deliver the
contemplated developmental outcomes of transparency, accountability, and good governance.

7. Fine-Tuning The Nigerian Oil And Gas Technology Development Framework For The Digital Age

This article contends that rapid digital transformation has rendered the Nigerian petroleum
technology development framework outdated. This misalignment is adversely affecting the
provision of digital technology services under the local content development regime. As a remedial
measure, the article proposes a re-orientation in the approach to engaging with the Nigerian Oil
and Gas Industry Content Development (NOGID) Act and the Petroleum Technology Development
Fund (PTDF) Act. This re-orientation aims to quickly consolidate and align the provisions of these
statutory frameworks with the current realities of the digital age. The article begins by mapping
the state of digital technology in the Nigerian oil and gas industry, highlighting the global digital
transformation trend and its impact on digital oil and gas technology. It discusses the efficiencies
and benefits introduced by advanced digital technology solutions, such as improved health and
safety, increased marginal operational efficiencies, and optimized oil production. The article also
examines the low level of Nigerian content in digital technology services and the lack of regulatory
emphasis on developing indigenous capacity in this area.

Furthermore, the article explores the general tenor of the Nigerian local content development
policy framework and takes stock of how specific provisions have impacted the implementation of
the NOGID Act, particularly in relation to digital technology service provision. It also tackles
salient aspects of the PTDF Act and how digital technology has fared under the law’s framework.
The article concludes by setting an itemized agenda for the future of digital oil and gas technology
services development in Nigeria. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive digital technology
roadmap, the establishment of a dedicated Digital Technology Directorate within the NCDMB,
and the introduction of PTDF professorial chair endowments specifically for digital petroleum
technology in major Nigerian universities. The article also calls for the reinstatement of the
NOGTECH Hackathon as an annual event and the creation of incentives for joint ventures between
international digital technology service providers and Nigerian firms.

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