In 2014, about 53 million tonnes of wood charcoal were produced worldwide, this number
unsurprisingly keeps increasing especially in African countries like Nigeria, this is due to a lack
of electricity, high inflation, and expensive cleaner cooking utilities. Household applications of
charcoal include; Cooking, Barbeque grilling, Pressing iron, charcoal incense burning, and room
warmer. This paper studies the aforementioned ways of charcoal application that produces
greenhouse gases and energy through anthropogenic emissions/formation of various pollutants
such as heat, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide,
particulate matter, methane, ozone, which affect health and climate at large. By Studying an
overview of the mechanism of emission of these pollutants, this review explained more about health
and environment concerning greenhouse gases emitted during charcoal combustion, as well as
the role of charcoal in the temperature rise, effects of charcoal emitted gases on climate such as
Global warming, effects of charcoal emitted gases on health such cancer, seizure, and stroke,
effects of charcoal emitted gases on nutrition and coral reef survival. Element such as high
temperature, elevated Co2, and precipitation greatly impact plant growth and nutrient. There is a
particularly critical need for action and awareness in sub-Saharan Africa, where population
growth has outpaced access to clean cooking.

There is a growing number of proposed models for the estimation of the time needed to restart a
core annular flow line after shutting down, pertaining the improvement of core annular flow (CAF)
technology for transportation of high viscous oil. Existing restart time models tend to predict that
the flow line needs to be completely clean. However, this is practically not feasible. Firstly, this
work revisits the results of the flow pattern trends and pressure drop evolutions during the restart
of a core annular flow experiments. Based on the analyses of the transient pressure drop profiles,
deduction of a ‘realistic and economical’ re-start time, expressed as a function of the pressure
drop, has been made. This approach can be helpful in control engineering design of an efficient
and cost-effective re-start process of a core annular flow (CAF) line.

Oil and Gas have become an integral part of today’s global economy and a key component of
many national economies including Nigeria and the nature of institutional, legal and regulatory
framework tends to have significant economic, developmental, and strategic outcomes. Nigeria’s
Oil and Gas industry which has, for most of her independence been the mainstay of the economy,
has been operated in opaque manner resulting in the failure to be a significant contributor to
Nigeria’s development. The enactment of a new overarching law – the Petroleum Industry Act,
2021 (PIA) promises to give impetus towards a more virile industry. Central to the thriving of the
new law is a regulatory framework that would balance the often conflicting and mutually exclusive
interests of government, the investor and the consumer. To achieve this however, the institutional
design and architecture of the regulatory institutions must be woven in a fabric of independence:
independent from all the players in the value chain. This Paper seeks to undertake an evaluation
of the de jure independent status of the regulatory institutions in the PIA, and suggest pathways
for improvement towards global best practices.